MENAQUINONE 4

Menaquinone-4

 

Menaquinone-4, also known as MK-4, is a form of vitamin K2 that plays an essential role in blood clotting and bone metabolism. It is found naturally in some foods, such as animal products and fermented foods, or can be synthesized in the body from vitamin K1, which is primarily found in leafy green vegetables. MK-4 has been shown to have various health benefits, including the ability to improve bone health, reduce the risk of fractures, and prevent arterial calcification. It has also been studied for its potential to support cardiovascular health and improve cognitive function. MK-4 supplements are available and are often used in conjunction with other nutrients to support overall health and wellbeing.

 

 

Menaquinone-4 for Bone Health:

Menaquinone-4 has been shown to support bone health by activating proteins involved in bone formation and reducing the risk of fractures. In a clinical study, supplementation with menaquinone-4 was found to reduce the incidence of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.

Menaquinone-4 for Cardiovascular Health:

Menaquinone-4 has been linked to cardiovascular health by inhibiting the buildup of calcium in arterial walls, which can lead to atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). A study found that supplementing with menaquinone-4 reduced arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women.

Menaquinone-4 for Dental Health:

Menaquinone-4 has also been shown to promote dental health by enhancing the production of osteocalcin, a protein involved in tooth development and maintenance. In a study, menaquinone-4 supplementation improved dental health and reduced gum bleeding in patients with periodontal disease.  It is important to note that while menaquinone-4 is generally considered safe for most people when taken in recommended doses, it may interact with certain medications and should be used with caution in people with certain medical conditions. As with any supplement, it is important to talk to your healthcare provider before taking menaquinone-4.

 

Additional Studies

 

  1. Identification of UBIAD1 as a novel human menaquinone4 biosynthetic enzyme
  2. Comparison of menaquinone4 and menaquinone-7 bioavailability in healthy women
  3. Conversion of phylloquinone (Vitamin K1) into menaquinone4 (Vitamin K2) in mice: two possible routes for menaquinone4 accumulation in cerebra of mice
  4. Intestinal flora is not an intermediate in the phylloquinone-menaquinone4 conversion in the rat
  5. Phylloquinone and menaquinone4 distribution in rats: synthesis rather than uptake determines menaquinone4 organ concentrations
  6. Vitamin K status in human tissues: tissue-specific accumulation of phylloquinone and menaquinone4
  7. Conversion of dietary phylloquinone to tissue menaquinone4 in rats is not dependent on gut bacteria
  8. Tissue-specific utilization of menaquinone4 results in the prevention of arterial calcification in warfarin-treated rats
  9. Vitamin K distribution in rat tissues: dietary phylloquinone is a source of tissue menaquinone4
  10. menaquinone4 concentration is correlated with sphingolipid concentrations in rat brain
  11. Prevention of hepatocarcinogenesis with phosphatidylcholine and menaquinone4: in vitro and in vivo experiments
  12. Neuroprotective effect of menaquinone4 (MK-4) on transient global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat
  13. Multiple dietary vitamin K forms are converted to tissue menaquinone4 in mice
  14. Colonic absorption of menaquinone4 and menaquinone-9 in rats
  15. menaquinone4 in breast milk is derived from dietary phylloquinone
  16. menaquinone4 accumulation in various tissues after and oral administration of phylloquinone in Wistar rats
  17. menaquinone4 enhances testosterone production in rats and testis-derived tumor cells
  18. Combinatorial engineering for improved menaquinone4 biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis
  19. Effects of long-term vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) or vitamin K2 (menaquinone4) supplementation on body composition and serum parameters in rats
  20. … (vitamin K3) is a catabolic product of oral phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in the intestine and a circulating precursor of tissue menaquinone4 (vitamin K2) in rats
  21. Vitamin K metabolism. menaquinone4 (MK-4) formation from ingested VK analogues and its potent relation to bone function
  22. Deuterium-labeled phylloquinone has tissue-specific conversion to menaquinone4 among Fischer 344 male rats
  23. Menaquinone 4 increases plasma lipid levels in hypercholesterolemic mice
  24. Possible effects of one week vitamin K (menaquinone4) tablets intake on glucose tolerance in healthy young male volunteers with different descarboxy prothrombin …
  25. Identification of menaquinone4 metabolites in the rat
  26. Vitamin K2 (menaquinone 4) reduces serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin level as early as 2 weeks in elderly women with established osteoporosis
  27. Anti‐arthritis effects of vitamin K2 (menaquinone4) − a new potential therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis
  28. Comparative uptake, metabolism, and utilization of menaquinone4 and phylloquinone in human cultured cell lines
  29. Impact of menaquinone4 supplementation on coronary artery calcification and arterial stiffness: an open label single arm study
  30. Elucidation of the mechanism producing menaquinone4 in osteoblastic cells
  31. Engineering a ComA Quorum-Sensing circuit to dynamically control the production of menaquinone4 in Bacillus subtilis
  32. Vitamin K in milk and infant formulas: determination and distribution of phylloquinone and menaquinone4
  33. Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and K2 (menaquinone4) supplementation improves bone formation in a high-fat diet-induced obese mice
  34. LC–MS/MS quantitative analysis of phylloquinone, menaquinone4 and menaquinone-7 in the human serum of a healthy population
  35. menaquinone4 suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in MG6 mouse microglia-derived cells by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway
  36. Age and dietary form of vitamin K affect menaquinone4 concentrations in male Fischer 344 rats
  37. Atorvastatin decreases renal menaquinone4 formation in C57BL/6 male mice
  38. menaquinone4 Production by a Mutant of Flavobacterium sp. 238-7
  39. Structure–Activity Relationship of Novel menaquinone4 Analogues: Modification of the Side Chain Affects their Biological Activities
  40. Rapid, high performance method for the determination of vitamin K1, menaquinone4 and vitamin K1 2, 3-epoxide in human serum and plasma using liquid …
  41. Daily intake and serum concentration of menaquinone4 (MK-4) in haemodialysis patients with chronic kidney disease
  42. menaquinone4 enhances osteogenic potential of human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells cultured in 2D and 3D dynamic culture systems
  43. Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) or vitamin K2 (menaquinone4) induces intestinal alkaline phosphatase gene expression
  44. Tissue distribution of phylloquinone and menaquinone4 in sardine, Sardinops melanostictus
  45. Enhancement effects of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) or vitamin K2 (menaquinone4) on intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity in rats
  46. Extracellular production of menaquinone4 by a mutant of Flavobacterium sp. 238-7 with a detergent-supplemented culture
  47. Vitamin E decreases extra‐hepatic menaquinone4 concentrations in rats fed menadione or phylloquinone
  48. Isolation and characterization of menaquinone4 as a product of menadione metabolism in chicks and rats.
  49. menaquinone4 (vitamin K2) up-regulates expression of human intestinal alkaline phosphatase in Caco-2 cells
  50. … –activity relationships in the conversion of vitamin K analogues into menaquinone4. Substrates essential to the synthesis of menaquinone4 in cultured human cell …
  51. Low-dose menaquinone4 improves γ-carboxylation of osteocalcin in young males: a non-placebo-controlled dose–response study
  52. menaquinone4 (vitamin K2) induces proliferation responses in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  53. Osteogenic transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats and potential menaquinone4 inhibiting effect
  54. A comparatively study of menaquinone-7 isolated from Cheonggukjang with vitamin K1 and menaquinone4 on osteoblastic cells differentiation and mineralization
  55. Menaquinone 4 Reduces Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice through Dual Regulation of Bone Remodeling
  56. Circulating levels of vitamin K1, menaquinone4, and menaquinone-7 in healthy elderly Japanese women and patients with vertebral fractures and patients with hip …
  57. The formation of menaquinone4 (vitamin K) and its oxide in some marine invertebrates
  58. Effects of dietary vitamin K on survival, growth, and tissue concentrations of phylloquinone (PK) and menaquinone4 (MK-4) for juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus …
  59. The relative effects of phylloquinone and menaquinone4 on the blood coagulation factor synthesis in vitamin K-deficient rats
  60. menaquinone4 amplified glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in isolated mouse pancreatic islets and INS-1 rat insulinoma cells
  61. Phylloquinone and menaquinone4 tissue distribution at different life stages in male and female Sprague–Dawley rats fed different VK levels since weaning or …
  62. … -phase HPLC determination of chlorophyll a′ and naphthoquinones in photosystem I of red algae: existence of two menaquinone4 molecules in photosystem I of …
  63. menaquinone4 Production by a Sulfonamide-resistant Mutant of Flavobacterium sp. 238–7
  64. Changes of phylloquinone and menaquinone4 concentrations in rat liver after oral, intravenous and intraperitoneal administration.
  65. Enhanced antitumor effects of novel intracellular delivery of an active form of menaquinone4, menahydroquinone-4, into hepatocellular carcinoma
  66. menaquinone4 accelerates calcification of human aortic valve interstitial cells in high-phosphate medium through PXR
  67. Concentrations of circulating phylloquinone, but not cerebral menaquinone4, are positively correlated with a wide range of cognitive measures: exploratory findings in …
  68. Deuterium‐labeled phylloquinone fed to α‐tocopherol‐injected rats demonstrates sensitivity of low phylloquinone‐containing tissues to menaquinone4 depletion
  69. Distribution of menaquinone4, a therapeutic agent for osteoporosis, in bone and other tissues of rats
  70. Determination of vitamin K1 in canola oils by high performance liquid chromatography with menaquinone4 as an internal standard
  71. Effects of combined menaquinone4 and PTH1–34 treatment on osetogenesis and angiogenesis in calvarial defect in osteopenic rats
  72. The Biosynthesis of menaquinone4: How a Historic Biochemical Pathway Is Changing Our Understanding of Vitamin K Nutrition
  73. Plasma phylloquinone, menaquinone4 and menaquinone-7 levels and coronary artery calcification
  74. Excess α‐tocopherol decreases extrahepatic phylloquinone in phylloquinone‐fed rats but not menaquinone4 in menaquinone4‐fed rats
  75. menaquinone4 modulates the expression levels of calcification‑associated factors to inhibit calcification of rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells in a dose …
  76. Exocrine pancreatic secretion of phospholipid, menaquinone4, and caveolin-1 in vivo
  77. menaquinone4 and-5 in a bacterium.
  78. Pharmacokinetic characterization of menaquinone4 in dogs by sensitive HPLC determination
  79. Simultaneous determination of vitamin K1, vitamin K1 2, 3-epoxide and menaquinone4 in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric …
  80. Maximal dose-response of vitamin-K2 (menaquinone4) on undercarboxylated osteocalcin in women with osteoporosis
  81. Excretion of menaquinone4 by a Mutant of Flavobacterium sp. 238-7 in a Detergent-supplemented Culture
  82. Reversed phase uplc/apci-ms determination of vitamin k1 and menaquinone4 in human plasma: Application to a clinical study
  83. Genistein and menaquinone4 treatment-induced alterations in the expression of mRNAs and their products are beneficial to osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell …
  84. Development of a liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method for the determination of vitamin K1, menaquinone4, menaquinone-7 and vitamin K1-2, 3 epoxide …
  85. The placental and mammary transport of [14C] menaquinone4 in rats
  86. Effect of solubilizer on the metabolic fate of menaquinone4 in rats
  87. Selective Release of menaquinone4 from Cells of a Mutant of Flavobacterium sp. 238–7 with a Detergent
  88. Stereobiochemical aspects of warfarin isomers for inhibition of enzymatic alkylation of menaquinone-0 to menaquinone4 in chick liver.
  89. The secondary electron acceptor of photosystem I in Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421 is menaquinone4 that is synthesized by a unique but unknown …
  90. Interactions and structure—organizations of menaquinone4 and egg yolk phosphatidylcholine mixtures: Formation of bilayer and nonbilayer structures in an aqueous …
  91. Enzymatic Alteration in the Shikimate Pathway during Derivation of menaquinone4-producing Mutants of Flavobacterium sp. 238-7
  92. Simultaneous determination of menaquinone4 and its metabolite in human osteoblasts by high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical …
  93. Upregulation of thrombomodulin antigen levels in u937 cells by combined stimulation with estradiol-17β and vitamin K2 (menaquinone 4)
  94. Supplementation of rats with a lutein mixture preserved with vitamin E reduces tissue phylloquinone and menaquinone4
  95. Changes of K vitamins in portal and femoral venous plasma of rats after oral administration of phylloquinone and menaquinone4.
  96. The effect of menaquinone4 administration on the expression of proinflammatory factors following transient global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in the hippocampus …
  97. … of isoprenoid quinones. I. Separation of homologues, geometrical isomers and decomposition products of phylloquinone, menaquinone4 and ubiquinone-10
  98. Dietary intake of menaquinone4 may determine hepatic and pancreatic menaquinone4 in chickens
  99. Vitamin K (menaquinone4) metabolism in liver disease
  100. Metabolic fate of menaquinone4 in dogs (I): Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion after a single oral administration
  101. Effects of combined human parathyroid hormone (1–34) and menaquinone4 treatment on the interface of hydroxyapatite-coated titanium implants in the femur of …
  102. Synthetic studies on isoprenoidquinones. II. Syntheses of Ubiquinone-10, phylloquinone, and menaquinone4 by a chain-extending method utilizing terminally …
  103. The Interaction of menaquinone4 with Phopholipid Membranes
  104. Simultaneous Determination of Vitamins D3 (Calcitriol, Cholecalciferol) and K2 (menaquinone4 and menaquinone-7) in Dietary Supplements by UHPLC
  105. Atorvastatin Decreases menaquinone4 Formation in C57Bl6 Male Mice
  106. New Development of Vitamin K Research: Identification of Human menaquinone4 Biosynthetic Enzyme.
  107. Synthesis of all trans [3′‐14C]menaquinone4
  108. 2. DELTA.-Stereocontrolled Entry to (E)-or (Z)-Prenyl Aromatics and Quinones. Synthesis of menaquinone4
  109. Enhanced Intracellular Delivery and Improved Antitumor Efficacy of menaquinone4
  110. An UFLC-DAD Method for the Quantification of menaquinone4 in Spiked Rabbit Plasma
  111. Simultaneous Determination of menaquinone4 and Its Metabolite in Human Osteoblasts by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Atmospheric Pressure …
  112. Menaquinone 4 Alters Plasma Lipid Profile In Hypercholesterolemic Mice
  113. Metabolic Fate of menaquinone4 in Dogs (II): Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion after Repeated Oral Administration
  114. Effect of vitamin K2 (menaquinone4) and vitamin D3 on bone mineralization in young and adult female rats
  115. The effect of menaquinone4 administration on the expression of pro-inflammatory factors following transient global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in the hippocampus …
  116. Vitamin K Tissue Distribution Is Modified by Large-Dose Warfarin and menaquinone4 Content of the Diet
  117. Synthesis Vitamin K Derivatives with High Conversion Rates to menaquinone4
  118. The Enzymatic Conversion of Phylloquinone to menaquinone4
  119. Menadione is an Intermediate in the Phylloquinone to menaquinone4 Conversion
  120. … Develop and Validate a UPLC-QToFMS Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Ergocalciferol, Cholecalciferol, Phylloquinone, menaquinone4, menaquinone-7, and …
  121. Conversion of phylloquinone to menaquinone4 in chickens, rats and cultured cells
  122. Mode of Action of menaquinone4 on Blood Coagulation
  123. menaquinone4 effects on working memory impairment and anxiety behavior after transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in male wistar rat
  124. Correlation between serum concentrations of menaquinone4 and developmental quotients in children with autism spectrum disorder
  125. The effect of vitamin K2 (menaquinone4) on the cognitive impairments and anxiety in transient cerebral global Ischemia
  126. Reduction of ovariectomy-induced bone loss in rats by menaquinone4, cholecalciferol, and (n-3) polyunsaturated fats
  127. Tissue‐Specific Proportions of Phylloquinone to menaquinone4 Concentrations Differ in Response to Dietary Phylloquinone Manipulation in Lean Male Zucker Rats
  128. Oral Administration of Cal K2 Containing menaquinone4 (Vitamin K2) Enhances Serum r-Carboxylated Osteocalcin and Biochemical Components in the Femoral …
  129. A Rationale for an Approach to Preventing and Treating Bisphosphonate-related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw With Vitamin K2 menaquinone4
  130. Changes in analgesia and hyperalgesia induced by intraperitoneal administration of morphine in the formalin test during intrathecal administration of menaquinone4
  131. UBIAD1 combined with menaquinone4 induce aPoPtosis in human bladder carcinoma T24 cell line via c-Jun N-terminal Kinase/P53 Pathways
  132. 5.2. 3 Tissue-specific proportions of phylloquinone to menaquinone4 concentrations differ in response to dietary phylloquinone manipulation in lean male Zucker rats
  133. A methyl 4-oxo-4-phenylbut-2-enoate with in vivo activity against MRSA that inhibits MenB in the bacterial menaquinone biosynthesis pathway
  134. Bioconversion of farnesol and 1, 4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate to menaquinone by an immobilized whole-cell biocatalyst using engineered Elizabethkingia …
  135. The acid–base and redox properties of menaquinone MK-4, MK-7, and MK-9 (vitamin K2) in DMPC monolayers on mercury
  136. Aerobic culture of Propionibacterium freudenreichii ET-3 can increase production ratio of 1, 4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid to menaquinone
  137. PROGRESS TOWARDS THE SYNTHESIS OF THE SUBSTRATE FOR THE BACTERIAL menaquinone BIOSYNTHETIC ENZYME, 1, 4-DIHYDROXY-6 …
  138. Design, synthesis and antitumor activity of phthalazine-1, 4-dione-based menaquinone analogs
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