Menaquinone-4
Menaquinone-4, also known as MK-4, is a form of vitamin K2 that plays an essential role in blood clotting and bone metabolism. It is found naturally in some foods, such as animal products and fermented foods, or can be synthesized in the body from vitamin K1, which is primarily found in leafy green vegetables. MK-4 has been shown to have various health benefits, including the ability to improve bone health, reduce the risk of fractures, and prevent arterial calcification. It has also been studied for its potential to support cardiovascular health and improve cognitive function. MK-4 supplements are available and are often used in conjunction with other nutrients to support overall health and wellbeing.
Menaquinone-4 for Bone Health:
Menaquinone-4 has been shown to support bone health by activating proteins involved in bone formation and reducing the risk of fractures. In a clinical study, supplementation with menaquinone-4 was found to reduce the incidence of vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
Menaquinone-4 for Cardiovascular Health:
Menaquinone-4 has been linked to cardiovascular health by inhibiting the buildup of calcium in arterial walls, which can lead to atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). A study found that supplementing with menaquinone-4 reduced arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women.
Menaquinone-4 for Dental Health:
Menaquinone-4 has also been shown to promote dental health by enhancing the production of osteocalcin, a protein involved in tooth development and maintenance. In a study, menaquinone-4 supplementation improved dental health and reduced gum bleeding in patients with periodontal disease. It is important to note that while menaquinone-4 is generally considered safe for most people when taken in recommended doses, it may interact with certain medications and should be used with caution in people with certain medical conditions. As with any supplement, it is important to talk to your healthcare provider before taking menaquinone-4.
Additional Studies
- Identification of UBIAD1 as a novel human menaquinone–4 biosynthetic enzyme
- Comparison of menaquinone–4 and menaquinone-7 bioavailability in healthy women
- Conversion of phylloquinone (Vitamin K1) into menaquinone–4 (Vitamin K2) in mice: two possible routes for menaquinone–4 accumulation in cerebra of mice
- Intestinal flora is not an intermediate in the phylloquinone-menaquinone–4 conversion in the rat
- Phylloquinone and menaquinone–4 distribution in rats: synthesis rather than uptake determines menaquinone–4 organ concentrations
- Vitamin K status in human tissues: tissue-specific accumulation of phylloquinone and menaquinone–4
- Conversion of dietary phylloquinone to tissue menaquinone–4 in rats is not dependent on gut bacteria
- Tissue-specific utilization of menaquinone–4 results in the prevention of arterial calcification in warfarin-treated rats
- Vitamin K distribution in rat tissues: dietary phylloquinone is a source of tissue menaquinone–4
- menaquinone–4 concentration is correlated with sphingolipid concentrations in rat brain
- Prevention of hepatocarcinogenesis with phosphatidylcholine and menaquinone–4: in vitro and in vivo experiments
- Neuroprotective effect of menaquinone–4 (MK-4) on transient global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat
- Multiple dietary vitamin K forms are converted to tissue menaquinone–4 in mice
- Colonic absorption of menaquinone–4 and menaquinone-9 in rats
- menaquinone–4 in breast milk is derived from dietary phylloquinone
- menaquinone–4 accumulation in various tissues after and oral administration of phylloquinone in Wistar rats
- menaquinone–4 enhances testosterone production in rats and testis-derived tumor cells
- Combinatorial engineering for improved menaquinone–4 biosynthesis in Bacillus subtilis
- Effects of long-term vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) or vitamin K2 (menaquinone–4) supplementation on body composition and serum parameters in rats
- … (vitamin K3) is a catabolic product of oral phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in the intestine and a circulating precursor of tissue menaquinone–4 (vitamin K2) in rats
- Vitamin K metabolism. menaquinone–4 (MK-4) formation from ingested VK analogues and its potent relation to bone function
- Deuterium-labeled phylloquinone has tissue-specific conversion to menaquinone–4 among Fischer 344 male rats
- Menaquinone 4 increases plasma lipid levels in hypercholesterolemic mice
- Possible effects of one week vitamin K (menaquinone–4) tablets intake on glucose tolerance in healthy young male volunteers with different descarboxy prothrombin …
- Identification of menaquinone–4 metabolites in the rat
- Vitamin K2 (menaquinone 4) reduces serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin level as early as 2 weeks in elderly women with established osteoporosis
- Anti‐arthritis effects of vitamin K2 (menaquinone‐4) − a new potential therapeutic strategy for rheumatoid arthritis
- Comparative uptake, metabolism, and utilization of menaquinone–4 and phylloquinone in human cultured cell lines
- Impact of menaquinone–4 supplementation on coronary artery calcification and arterial stiffness: an open label single arm study
- Elucidation of the mechanism producing menaquinone–4 in osteoblastic cells
- Engineering a ComA Quorum-Sensing circuit to dynamically control the production of menaquinone–4 in Bacillus subtilis
- Vitamin K in milk and infant formulas: determination and distribution of phylloquinone and menaquinone–4
- Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and K2 (menaquinone–4) supplementation improves bone formation in a high-fat diet-induced obese mice
- LC–MS/MS quantitative analysis of phylloquinone, menaquinone–4 and menaquinone-7 in the human serum of a healthy population
- menaquinone–4 suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in MG6 mouse microglia-derived cells by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway
- Age and dietary form of vitamin K affect menaquinone–4 concentrations in male Fischer 344 rats
- Atorvastatin decreases renal menaquinone–4 formation in C57BL/6 male mice
- menaquinone–4 Production by a Mutant of Flavobacterium sp. 238-7
- Structure–Activity Relationship of Novel menaquinone–4 Analogues: Modification of the Side Chain Affects their Biological Activities
- Rapid, high performance method for the determination of vitamin K1, menaquinone–4 and vitamin K1 2, 3-epoxide in human serum and plasma using liquid …
- Daily intake and serum concentration of menaquinone–4 (MK-4) in haemodialysis patients with chronic kidney disease
- menaquinone‐4 enhances osteogenic potential of human amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells cultured in 2D and 3D dynamic culture systems
- Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) or vitamin K2 (menaquinone–4) induces intestinal alkaline phosphatase gene expression
- Tissue distribution of phylloquinone and menaquinone–4 in sardine, Sardinops melanostictus
- Enhancement effects of vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) or vitamin K2 (menaquinone–4) on intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity in rats
- Extracellular production of menaquinone–4 by a mutant of Flavobacterium sp. 238-7 with a detergent-supplemented culture
- Vitamin E decreases extra‐hepatic menaquinone‐4 concentrations in rats fed menadione or phylloquinone
- Isolation and characterization of menaquinone–4 as a product of menadione metabolism in chicks and rats.
- menaquinone–4 (vitamin K2) up-regulates expression of human intestinal alkaline phosphatase in Caco-2 cells
- … –activity relationships in the conversion of vitamin K analogues into menaquinone–4. Substrates essential to the synthesis of menaquinone–4 in cultured human cell …
- Low-dose menaquinone–4 improves γ-carboxylation of osteocalcin in young males: a non-placebo-controlled dose–response study
- menaquinone–4 (vitamin K2) induces proliferation responses in bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- Osteogenic transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells isolated from spontaneously hypertensive rats and potential menaquinone‐4 inhibiting effect
- A comparatively study of menaquinone-7 isolated from Cheonggukjang with vitamin K1 and menaquinone–4 on osteoblastic cells differentiation and mineralization
- Menaquinone 4 Reduces Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice through Dual Regulation of Bone Remodeling
- Circulating levels of vitamin K1, menaquinone–4, and menaquinone-7 in healthy elderly Japanese women and patients with vertebral fractures and patients with hip …
- The formation of menaquinone–4 (vitamin K) and its oxide in some marine invertebrates
- Effects of dietary vitamin K on survival, growth, and tissue concentrations of phylloquinone (PK) and menaquinone–4 (MK-4) for juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus …
- The relative effects of phylloquinone and menaquinone–4 on the blood coagulation factor synthesis in vitamin K-deficient rats
- menaquinone–4 amplified glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in isolated mouse pancreatic islets and INS-1 rat insulinoma cells
- Phylloquinone and menaquinone–4 tissue distribution at different life stages in male and female Sprague–Dawley rats fed different VK levels since weaning or …
- … -phase HPLC determination of chlorophyll a′ and naphthoquinones in photosystem I of red algae: existence of two menaquinone–4 molecules in photosystem I of …
- menaquinone–4 Production by a Sulfonamide-resistant Mutant of Flavobacterium sp. 238–7
- Changes of phylloquinone and menaquinone–4 concentrations in rat liver after oral, intravenous and intraperitoneal administration.
- Enhanced antitumor effects of novel intracellular delivery of an active form of menaquinone–4, menahydroquinone-4, into hepatocellular carcinoma
- menaquinone–4 accelerates calcification of human aortic valve interstitial cells in high-phosphate medium through PXR
- Concentrations of circulating phylloquinone, but not cerebral menaquinone–4, are positively correlated with a wide range of cognitive measures: exploratory findings in …
- Deuterium‐labeled phylloquinone fed to α‐tocopherol‐injected rats demonstrates sensitivity of low phylloquinone‐containing tissues to menaquinone‐4 depletion
- Distribution of menaquinone–4, a therapeutic agent for osteoporosis, in bone and other tissues of rats
- Determination of vitamin K1 in canola oils by high performance liquid chromatography with menaquinone–4 as an internal standard
- Effects of combined menaquinone–4 and PTH1–34 treatment on osetogenesis and angiogenesis in calvarial defect in osteopenic rats
- The Biosynthesis of menaquinone–4: How a Historic Biochemical Pathway Is Changing Our Understanding of Vitamin K Nutrition
- Plasma phylloquinone, menaquinone–4 and menaquinone-7 levels and coronary artery calcification
- Excess α‐tocopherol decreases extrahepatic phylloquinone in phylloquinone‐fed rats but not menaquinone‐4 in menaquinone‐4‐fed rats
- menaquinone‑4 modulates the expression levels of calcification‑associated factors to inhibit calcification of rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells in a dose …
- Exocrine pancreatic secretion of phospholipid, menaquinone–4, and caveolin-1 in vivo
- menaquinone–4 and-5 in a bacterium.
- Pharmacokinetic characterization of menaquinone–4 in dogs by sensitive HPLC determination
- Simultaneous determination of vitamin K1, vitamin K1 2, 3-epoxide and menaquinone–4 in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorimetric …
- Maximal dose-response of vitamin-K2 (menaquinone–4) on undercarboxylated osteocalcin in women with osteoporosis
- Excretion of menaquinone–4 by a Mutant of Flavobacterium sp. 238-7 in a Detergent-supplemented Culture
- Reversed phase uplc/apci-ms determination of vitamin k1 and menaquinone–4 in human plasma: Application to a clinical study
- Genistein and menaquinone–4 treatment-induced alterations in the expression of mRNAs and their products are beneficial to osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell …
- Development of a liquid chromatography mass spectrometry method for the determination of vitamin K1, menaquinone–4, menaquinone-7 and vitamin K1-2, 3 epoxide …
- The placental and mammary transport of [14C] menaquinone–4 in rats
- Effect of solubilizer on the metabolic fate of menaquinone–4 in rats
- Selective Release of menaquinone–4 from Cells of a Mutant of Flavobacterium sp. 238–7 with a Detergent
- Stereobiochemical aspects of warfarin isomers for inhibition of enzymatic alkylation of menaquinone-0 to menaquinone–4 in chick liver.
- The secondary electron acceptor of photosystem I in Gloeobacter violaceus PCC 7421 is menaquinone–4 that is synthesized by a unique but unknown …
- Interactions and structure—organizations of menaquinone–4 and egg yolk phosphatidylcholine mixtures: Formation of bilayer and nonbilayer structures in an aqueous …
- Enzymatic Alteration in the Shikimate Pathway during Derivation of menaquinone–4-producing Mutants of Flavobacterium sp. 238-7
- Simultaneous determination of menaquinone–4 and its metabolite in human osteoblasts by high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical …
- Upregulation of thrombomodulin antigen levels in u937 cells by combined stimulation with estradiol-17β and vitamin K2 (menaquinone 4)
- Supplementation of rats with a lutein mixture preserved with vitamin E reduces tissue phylloquinone and menaquinone–4
- Changes of K vitamins in portal and femoral venous plasma of rats after oral administration of phylloquinone and menaquinone–4.
- The effect of menaquinone–4 administration on the expression of proinflammatory factors following transient global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in the hippocampus …
- … of isoprenoid quinones. I. Separation of homologues, geometrical isomers and decomposition products of phylloquinone, menaquinone–4 and ubiquinone-10
- Dietary intake of menaquinone–4 may determine hepatic and pancreatic menaquinone–4 in chickens
- Vitamin K (menaquinone–4) metabolism in liver disease
- Metabolic fate of menaquinone–4 in dogs (I): Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion after a single oral administration
- Effects of combined human parathyroid hormone (1–34) and menaquinone–4 treatment on the interface of hydroxyapatite-coated titanium implants in the femur of …
- Synthetic studies on isoprenoidquinones. II. Syntheses of Ubiquinone-10, phylloquinone, and menaquinone–4 by a chain-extending method utilizing terminally …
- The Interaction of menaquinone–4 with Phopholipid Membranes
- Simultaneous Determination of Vitamins D3 (Calcitriol, Cholecalciferol) and K2 (menaquinone–4 and menaquinone-7) in Dietary Supplements by UHPLC
- Atorvastatin Decreases menaquinone‐4 Formation in C57Bl6 Male Mice
- New Development of Vitamin K Research: Identification of Human menaquinone–4 Biosynthetic Enzyme.
- Synthesis of all trans [3′‐14C]menaquinone‐4
- 2. DELTA.-Stereocontrolled Entry to (E)-or (Z)-Prenyl Aromatics and Quinones. Synthesis of menaquinone–4
- Enhanced Intracellular Delivery and Improved Antitumor Efficacy of menaquinone–4
- An UFLC-DAD Method for the Quantification of menaquinone–4 in Spiked Rabbit Plasma
- Simultaneous Determination of menaquinone–4 and Its Metabolite in Human Osteoblasts by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Atmospheric Pressure …
- Menaquinone 4 Alters Plasma Lipid Profile In Hypercholesterolemic Mice
- Metabolic Fate of menaquinone–4 in Dogs (II): Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion after Repeated Oral Administration
- Effect of vitamin K2 (menaquinone–4) and vitamin D3 on bone mineralization in young and adult female rats
- The effect of menaquinone–4 administration on the expression of pro-inflammatory factors following transient global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in the hippocampus …
- Vitamin K Tissue Distribution Is Modified by Large-Dose Warfarin and menaquinone–4 Content of the Diet
- Synthesis Vitamin K Derivatives with High Conversion Rates to menaquinone–4
- The Enzymatic Conversion of Phylloquinone to menaquinone–4
- Menadione is an Intermediate in the Phylloquinone to menaquinone‐4 Conversion
- … Develop and Validate a UPLC-QToFMS Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Ergocalciferol, Cholecalciferol, Phylloquinone, menaquinone–4, menaquinone-7, and …
- Conversion of phylloquinone to menaquinone–4 in chickens, rats and cultured cells
- Mode of Action of menaquinone–4 on Blood Coagulation
- menaquinone–4 effects on working memory impairment and anxiety behavior after transient cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in male wistar rat
- Correlation between serum concentrations of menaquinone–4 and developmental quotients in children with autism spectrum disorder
- The effect of vitamin K2 (menaquinone–4) on the cognitive impairments and anxiety in transient cerebral global Ischemia
- Reduction of ovariectomy-induced bone loss in rats by menaquinone–4, cholecalciferol, and (n-3) polyunsaturated fats
- Tissue‐Specific Proportions of Phylloquinone to menaquinone‐4 Concentrations Differ in Response to Dietary Phylloquinone Manipulation in Lean Male Zucker Rats
- Oral Administration of Cal K2 Containing menaquinone–4 (Vitamin K2) Enhances Serum r-Carboxylated Osteocalcin and Biochemical Components in the Femoral …
- A Rationale for an Approach to Preventing and Treating Bisphosphonate-related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw With Vitamin K2 menaquinone–4
- Changes in analgesia and hyperalgesia induced by intraperitoneal administration of morphine in the formalin test during intrathecal administration of menaquinone–4 …
- UBIAD1 combined with menaquinone–4 induce aPoPtosis in human bladder carcinoma T24 cell line via c-Jun N-terminal Kinase/P53 Pathways
- 5.2. 3 Tissue-specific proportions of phylloquinone to menaquinone–4 concentrations differ in response to dietary phylloquinone manipulation in lean male Zucker rats
- A methyl 4-oxo-4-phenylbut-2-enoate with in vivo activity against MRSA that inhibits MenB in the bacterial menaquinone biosynthesis pathway
- Bioconversion of farnesol and 1, 4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate to menaquinone by an immobilized whole-cell biocatalyst using engineered Elizabethkingia …
- The acid–base and redox properties of menaquinone MK-4, MK-7, and MK-9 (vitamin K2) in DMPC monolayers on mercury
- Aerobic culture of Propionibacterium freudenreichii ET-3 can increase production ratio of 1, 4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid to menaquinone
- PROGRESS TOWARDS THE SYNTHESIS OF THE SUBSTRATE FOR THE BACTERIAL menaquinone BIOSYNTHETIC ENZYME, 1, 4-DIHYDROXY-6 …
- Design, synthesis and antitumor activity of phthalazine-1, 4-dione-based menaquinone analogs
